the secret discourse : linguistics : conlangs : cepperjoleddicg : accidence

Accidence

Pronunciation
Declension of Nouns
     Declension of Weak Masculine Nouns
Type I
Type II
     Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
     Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns
Type I
Type II
Type III
Declension of Adjectives
Strong Declension
Mixed Declension
Weak Declension
Declension of Pronouns
     Personal Pronouns
First and Second Persons
Third Person
The Indefinite
The Reflexive
Relatives
Demonstratives I
Demonstratives II
Interrogatives and Their Relatives
Declension of Determiners
The Definite Article
All Other Determiners
Conjugation of Verbs
-AN Verbs
-UN Verbs
-ASD Verbs
Numerals

Pronunciation

į yy					-a	uw
	i y					u
		e ø				o
			æ œ			uCC oCC
				aCC		a aew
ai						au
	ei

	Blbl	L-Dnl	Dnl	Alv	Palv	Retr	Pal	Vlr	Ulv
Plos	p, b			t (-d), d-				c (-cg), g-
Nsl	m			n				ng
Trill									r
Fric		f (vh), v	þ, ð	s	s(g)I-, j	rr	Ich	ch (-g)
Appr	w						i
LAppr				l

I = e, æ, i, į, ø, y, œ

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	The Declension of Weak Masculine Nouns (Type I)
	Singular	Plural
N	bloma	blomo
A	bloma	blomo
D	plome	blomum
G	blomas	blomer

You will notice that in the dative singular, all voiced plosives become voiceless. This mutation has evolved from the assimilation of a primitive dative particle *þa. This mutation occurs in the masculine declensions and it affects both strong and weak nouns alike.

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	The Declension of Weak Masculine Nouns (Type II)
	Singular	Plural
N	timmrand	timmranda
A	timmrand	timmranda
D	timmranda	timmrandum
G	timmrandas	timmrander
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	The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type I)
	Singular	Plural
N	gaiþno	gaiþnon
A	gaiþno	gaiþnon
D	gaiþno	gaiþnon
G	gaiþnor	gaiþnoer
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	The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type II)
	Singular	Plural
N	mærį	mærįan
A	mærį	mærįan
D	mærį	mærįan
G	mærįr	mærįer
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	The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type III)
	Singular	Plural
N	cwinnįnn	cwinnynn
A	cwinnįnn	cwinnynn
D	cwinnįnn	cwinnynn
G	cwinnįnner	cwinnynner
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	The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type IV)
	Singular	Plural
N	vhearn	vhearnan
A	vhearn	vhearnan
D	vhearn	vhearnan
G	vhearner	vhearnaner
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	The Declension of Weak Feminine Nouns (Type V)
	Singular	Plural
N	miana	mianan
A	miana	mianan
D	miana	mianan
G	mianer	miananer
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	The Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns (Type I)
	Singular	Plural
N	gįsn	gįsna
A	gįsn	gįsna
D	gįsn	gįsna
G	gįsnas	gįsner
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	The Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns (Type II)
	Singular	Plural
N	þeargo	þeargu
A	þeargo	þeargu
D	þeargo	þeargu
G	þeargos	þeargur
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	The Declension of Weak Neuter Nouns (Type III)
	Singular	Plural
N	nama	naman
A	nama	naman
D	nama	naman
G	namas	namer
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	Strong Declension of Adjectives
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
N	-e	-a (-į)	-a (-ai)	-a (-į)
A	-an	-a (-į)	-an	-an
D	-am	-er	-am	-um
G	-as	-er	-as	-ar
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	Mixed Declension of Adjectives
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
N	-e	-a (-į)	-a (-ai)	-a (-į)
A	-an	-a (-į)	-an	-an
D	-an	-an	-an	-an
G	-an	-an	-an	-an
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	Weak Declension of Adjectives
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
N	-	-a (-į)	-	-a (-į)
A	-an	-a (-į)	-an	-an
D	-an	-an	-an	-an
G	-an	-an	-an	-an
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	The Declension of the First and Second Person Pronouns
	Singular		Dual				Plural
N	ech	þunn, Ynn	wįdd			įdd	wør	ør
A	micg	þicg, Ycg	ungan			yngan	wans	yððan
D	mer	þer, Įrwer	ungrer			yngrer	wansrer	yððrer
G	mynn	þynn, Įrwynn		unger		ynger	wanser	yððer
I	minne	þinne, Įrwinne			udde	ydde	wænse	yððe

Notes: In the second person singular conjugation, the second form (Ynn) is used for those the speaker respects, both singular and plural.

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	The Declension of the Third Person Pronouns
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
N	E	siį	þe
A	Enn	sienna	þenn
D	Ymm	siennį	þwį (þy)
G	Enns	siįnner	þenns
I	Enne	siįnne	þenne
	Plural	Indefinite	Reflexive
N	Siþþau	su	-
A	Siþþaew	þaew	sicg
D	Siþþeim	þeirį	ser
G	Siþþer	þeirer	sįnn
I	siþþenne, þasþennoe	þeirre	sinne
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	Relatives
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
N	irį	sį	þirį
A	irįnn	sįa	þirįnn
D	Irwyr	sįrį	þirwyr
G	irynn	sįrrer	þirynn
I	irįnne	sįnne	þirįnne
	Plural
N	issau
A	issaew
D	isseim
G	isser
I	issenne
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	The Definite Article and the Demonstrative (I) Pronouns
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
N	sa	so	þad
A	þann	þana	þadan
D	þonnum, -’ir *	þænnį, -’ir *	þannum, -’ir *
G	þanns	þænner	þadnas
I	sannae ^†	sænnoe ^†	þadnae ^†
	Plural
N	þasþan
A	þasþaew
D	þasþeim, -’imm
G	þasþas
I	þasþennoe ^†
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* This enclitic form has evolved from an earlier dative article þænnįr.

^† This is only used as a demonstrative as nouns aren’t declined in the instrumental.

The first form is used as an article, the second as a demostrative.

The definite article is placed before the noun it modifies in all cases save the dative (this rule holds true for all other determiners as well). In the dative case, the definite article comes directly behind the modified noun. If an adjective or an adjectival prepositional phrase is used in conjunction with a noun in the dative case, it comes between the noun and the article. If there is any confusion as to which noun the postposed article is modifying, the article may be attached to its noun or to an adjective modifying its noun with a hyphen. More and more often, though, the hyphen is used even when there isn’t much room for confusion. In many dialects of Cepperjoleddicg, datives are only conjugated in the singular and the definite article is used to show number (I believe this convention is used as the dative plural often differs from the nominative and accusative plurals) - for example, the title of Z. Fordsmender’s famous narrative Ymb þasþas Avdumsdan Fauan Nagdaner siþþer Sgy-’imm, "About the Occurrences of the Last Few Nights" (About the_gen. Last_gen. Few_gen. Nights_gen. their Occurrence-’the_dat.-pl.). This example brings us to another important grammatical point. Because the genetive proceeds the modified noun, in long constructions the audience may lose sight of what is being possessed and what is possessing. In order to solve this problem, Cepperjoleddicg may place a genetive pronoun after the genetive phrase and before the possessed down. This is the function of siþþer in Ymb þasþas Avdumsdan Fauan Nagdaner siþþer Sgy-’imm. Such usage is also reflected in the names of the coat of arms of the Kepperlands - Þænner Smyggar siįnner Bįsnsgæll so Maira, The Greater Coat of Arms of the Smygga Dukedom (The_gen. Smygga_gen. her Coat-of-Arms the Greater).

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Demonstratives II
HERE	THERE	OVER THERE, YONDER (denotes removal)
here jinn hither jind hence jiþþre	there þar thither þærd thence þæþre	over there iainer thither iaind thence iainþre
now ninn until now jinnund, ninnund henceforth jiþþrog, niþþrog	then þinn until then þinnund thenceforth þæþrog	back then iain until then iainund thenceforth iainþrog

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ENGLISH : interrogative - relative
WHY : vhe? - duvhe
HOW : vhaewa? - vhaewa
WHEN : vhanne? - miþþan (nairs’į)
WHERE : vhar? Vharrað? - þærrį
WHAT (that which) : vhad? - þad, s’į
WHO : vha? - irį, sį, þirį, savharug s’į, s’į, vharug saį, þissvharug s’į

Notes: nairs’į is used to mean when in the sense of German als, not as a conjunction, but as an adverb used for time reference. miþþan is roughly equivalent to English whenever, though it may be used to mean "while" or "during."

vharrað is used in the past tenses.

irį is used concerning male animates, sį is used for feminines, þirį for neuters, and s’į (contracted from an earlier -and harder to pronounce - form, saį) may be used for any of the three. Savharug s’į, vharug saį (s’į), and þissvharug s’į are all roughly equivalent to whoever, whosoever.

All of these are pronouns, not adverbs (save nairs’į), therefore the relatives are translated in the following ways: duvhe the reason why, vhaewa the way how, miþþan the time when, þærrį the place where, þad what/that which, and irį he who. All of the above, with the exception of nairs’į, decline.

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Determiners are a small body of modifying words like the definite article that decline according to their own paradigm. The important determiners are swįlch such, such a; wįlch which/what a; møng much, many; nocgain a certain; øng/sum some; all, ann all, any; įlch each; værį every; and n’ain no. Adjectives of nationality (such as Cepperjoleddicg, English, and German) and the possessive forms of pronouns also decline according to the determiners’ paradigm. All of the determiners are regular, save the fact that those that end in "įlch" change to "ylch" in the dative plural.

	Declension of Determiners
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
N	n’ain	n’aina (-į)	n’ain	n’aina (-į)
A	n’ainan	n’aina (-į)	n’ainan	n’ainan
D	n’ainam	n’ainer	n’ainam	n’ainum
G	n’ainas	n’ainer	n’ainas	n’ainer

Adjectives following the determiners follow the mixed declension, except for those following definite article, which take the weak declension. Adjectives are also declined according to the weak paradigm in vocative constructions - for example: þunn o unsellį þræll, you treacherous slave!

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-AN		Supine ga~edd		Present Participle ~end		Past Participle (ga)~enn
Indicative				Subjunctive
Present		Preterite		Present		Preterite
-a -er - þ	-am -d -as	-aða -aðar -aða	-aðam -aðar -aðas	-įe -įer -įe	-įan -įan -įan	-aðįe -aðįer -aðįe	-aðįan -aðįan -aðįan
-UN		Supine ga~idd		Present Participle ~und		Past Participle (ga)~unn
Indicative				Subjunctive
Present		Preterite		Present		Preterite
-o -or -uþ	-um -ud -os	-uðo -uðor -uðo	-uðum -uðor -uðos	-įu -įur -įu	-įun -įun -įun	-uðįu -uðįur -uðįu	-uðįun -uðįun -uðįun
-ASD		Supine ga~asd		Present Participle ~asnd		Past Participle (ga)~esn
Indicative				Subjunctive
Present		Preterite		Present		Preterite
-asg -asd -asd	-aim -asd -ass	-aðasd -aðasd -aðasd	-aðaim -aðasd -aðass	-įasd -įasd -įasd	-įasd -įasd -įasd	-aðįasd -aðįasd -aðįasd	-aðįasd -aðįasd -aðįasd

Numerals

	Cardinal (non-human)		Pronunciation	Cardinal (human)	Pronunciation	Ordinal	Pronunciation
1		ain	ent, ɛnt	ainzer	ɛnts'ə(ʁ)	frynsd	fʁʏnst
2		twaia	twe'ə	twedder	twet'ə(ʁ)	ifdum	ɪft'ʊm
3		þrįa	θʁi'ə	þridder	θʁɪt'ə(ʁ)	þįrd	θiʁt
4		fydder	fuz'ə(ʁ)	fyddrer	fuz'ʁə(ʁ)	fiaewrd	fjɑːt
5		fimf	fɪn'ɪf	fimmer	fɪm'ə(ʁ)	find	fɪnt
6		seaxa	ʃiks'ə	seaxder	ʃi'ʌtə(ʁ)	seaxd	ʃi'ʌt
7		sivuna	ʃiv'ṇə	sivunder	ʃiv'ṇtə(ʁ)	sivund	ʃiv'ʊnt
8		agdau	ot'o	agdaewr	ot'ɑ(ʁ)	agdud	ot'ʊt
9		nynna	nʏn'ə	nynder	nʏnt'ə(ʁ)	nynd	nʏnt
10		teaxna	ti'ʌnə	teager	ti'ʌxə(ʁ)	teaxnd	ti'ʌnt
11		eaxna	ji'ʌnə	eager	ji'ʌxə(ʁ)	eaxnd	ji'ʌnt
12		tweaxna	twi'ʌnə	tweager	twi'ʌxə(ʁ)	tweaxnd	twi'ʌnt

ain, twaia, fydder, fimf, agdau, teaxna, eaxna, and tweaxna are masculine. þrįa, seaxa, sivuna, are nynna are feminine. ainzer through tweager are all masculine.

Cepperjoleddicg numerals act as nouns and the words they modify are placed in the genetive singular (this is the genetive-number system employed in Russian). Thus, two hands is twaia gandur or gandur twaia, "two of hand." Numeral-Noun constructions are more popular in common speech whereas the Noun-Numeral pattern is considered "good" Cepperjoleddicg.

Animates (not humans) require the use of the word gauvaþ "head." Thus, four cows is csyr gauvæz fydder, "four head of cattle."

People are counted with a special set of numerals that don’t require modification unless the speaker wishes to further specify. agdaewr is "eight people," mauðer agdaewr is "eight young women," and swinþar mænir agdaewr is "eight strong comrades."

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Copyright © 2002 - 2004 Ezekiel Hcarfn Fordsmender