Differences among the Cepperjoleddicg Dialects

the secret discourse : linguistics : conlangs : cepperjoleddicg : differences among the cepperjoleddicg dialects

§1 Pronunciation and Orthographical Differences Among the Cepperjoleddicgs

The most prominent difference in pronunciation between the Grœna and the Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį is the treatment of the letter iod øftagall, j. In Grœna, j has one set pronunciation - it is always pronounced [ ʒ ]. Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį treat j differently. In the other two languages, j is a voiceless palatal fricative ([ ç ]) before front vowels, a voiced postalveolar ficative ([ ʒ ]) before back vowels, as in Grœna, and mid-close front vowel ([ ɪ ]) finally.

In Grœna, g is a voiceless velar fricative ([ x ]) when it occurs between two back vowels or finally. In the Rœyþøþlį and Blaewa, g is a voiced velar fricative ([ ɣ ]) when it occurs between two back vowels.

Where Grœna treats g as a voiceless velar fricative ([ x ]) in the initial position (such as in the word glaif), the Blaewa and the Rœyþøþlį have a voiced glottal fricative ([ h ]). Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį may also place a voiced glottal ficative before the r in words such as raun, relland, and ring, but this pronunciation is far less common and is restricted mainly to rural speech.

The voicless retroflex fricative ([ ʂ ]) ri-, rr may be voiced ([ ʐ ]) intervocalically in the Blaewa and the Rœyþøþlį.

The cluster aew is written auw in the Blaewa and the Rœyþøþlį.

The g is silent in the following Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį words but pronounced in the Grœna: bįnag, dag (and in all -dag compounds), ganag, ganog, leig, sauwg, and slag.

The g is pronounced [ v ] in the following Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį words but as a [ x ] or [ ç ] in the Grœna: alg, balg, bearg, galga, magan, mylg, nœg, sgalg, þearg, þeargo, and þwearg.

The diminutive suffix -øþlį causes J-Gradation in all cases and numbers in the Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį.

fimf, pronounced [ fɪnɪf ] in the Grœna, is pronounced [ fem ] in the Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį and it may even be written femm to reflect this pronunciation.

§2 Morphographical Differences Among the Cepperjoleddicgs

There are some differences in the conjugation of the verbs regarding the thematic vowel and the personal marker in the third person plural:

Grœna				Blaewa
-an Present		Preterite		-an Present		Preterite
-a	-am	-aða	-aðam	-a	-am	-aða	-aðam
-er	-d	-aðer	-aðer	-ar	-ad	-aðar	-aðad
-þ	-as	-aða	-aðas	-aþ	-au	-aðe	-aðau

-un Present		Preterite		-un Present		Preterite
-o	-um	-uðo	-uðum	-u	-um	-uðu	-uðum
-or	-ud	-uðor	-uðor	-ur	-ud	-uður	-uðud
-uþ	-os	-uðo	-uðos	-uþ	-uw	-uðo	-uðuw

-asd Present		Preterite		-asd Present		Preterite
-asg	-aim	-aðasd	-aðaim	-asg	-aim	-aðasd	-aðaim
-asd	-asd	-aðasd	-aðasd	-asd	-asd	-aðasd	-aðasd
-asd	-ass	-aðasd	-aðasd	-esd	-ass	-aðesd	-aðass

§3 Grammatical and Syntactic Differences Among the Cepperjoleddicgs

In the Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį, a direct object comes immediately after the modal verb in sentences with complex verb phrases. In Grœna this is a stylistic option.

In copullatic expressions (those with a linking verb) involving an adjective, in Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį, the adjective is declined according to the strong declension. In Grœna, the adjective is not declined.

In Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį partive genetives must come after the noun they modify (for example, micgilla tal eavher, "a large number of horses"). This rule is not recognized in Grœna.

In Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį adverbs generally proceed the words they modify. In Grœna, they proceed when modifying an adjective or another adverb. One syllable adverbs proceed verbs, but adverbs of two or more syllables follow verbs.

The word Cepperjoleddicg is always capitalized in Grœna but never in Blaewa or the Rœyþøþlį, save at the beginning of a sentence.

There are some differences in the ways people are adressed politely. In Grœna, the second person pronoun Ynn is used for singular and plural formal address. In Blaewa, Ynn still exists, but more frequently, the speaker will refer to the addressee in the third person. Address really is not a matter of concern in the Rœyþøþlį because of how infrequently the language is actually spoken.

In Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį, "there is..." is denoted with þe jæþ... and in Grœna only the word ...erþ... is used. þe... is also used in the Blaewa and Rœyþøþlį in constructions where there is no actual subject -- þe snaewþ, "it is snowing," for example. In Grœna, þar is used: þar snaewþ.

§4 Differences in Word Choice and Spelling Among the Cepperjoleddicgs

The phrase to believe in God is n' Allwaldand (or na guþ) lœyfan in both Grœna and Blaewa, but the Rœyþøþlį is a bit a more complicated -- Allwaldand (or guþ), þarna lœyfan. The idea there is that higher beings should not be made the object of a sentence whenever possible so the adverbial þarna ("thereupon," "therein") is used.

In Grœna, the word aew, officially glossed as "eternity," is a dialectal form of eavha, "river."

gundain means "one hundred" in Grœna but "one hundred and twenty" in Blaewa and the Rœyþøþlį. gundainfalþ means "one-hundred-and-twenty-fold" in all three languages.

The below table summarizes the further differences in word choice among the languages.

Grœna	Blaewa	Rœyþøþlį
a	fa	fa
adisg	adisgcœrn	adisgcœrn
aewnd (prefered over nįþþ)	nįþþ (prefered over auwnd)	nįþþ (prefered over auwnd)
andgœyran	nagœyran	nagœyran
baun	bonn	bonn
bįþþe	bįþþicg	bįþþicg
busn	bysn	bysn
cragg	stalla	neððergals
crano	trano	trano
cravall (prefered over crasgill)	crasgill (prefered over cravall)	crasgill (prefered over cravall)
cweþþan	cweððan	cweððan
dœrsan	daran	daran
drang	drong	drang
dryggan	derdan	derdan
dsundnan	dsundnan	fundryssan
eþþau	iaþþe	iaþþe
fæcg	fæng	fæng
fræþan	wriddan	wriddan, frœðį gavan
fricgall	frįcgall	frįcgall
frœyinnun	frœyinnwasd	frœyinnwasd
glaggwe	vhasse	vhasse
gras	mauwn, pl. mœynd	mauwn, pl. mœyner
grunga	cranga	cranga
į	ar	į
ia	ia	ia, iauw, iauwwe
innan	ind	innan
jinn	jiįr	jiįr
joledda	joladda (but joleddicg)	byggþa (but joleddicg)
laifa	bįlaif	laivand
lįch	lįcha	balgsædd
magdicg	mauwgdicg	mauwgdicg
mainan	mainan, mainnan	main bringan
mairr	mærr	mærr
mannisg	manring	manring
mimms	mimmz	mimmz
mylgan	mylgnan	mylg nimman fram
nigg	niþþe	niþþe
nisd	sgweld	sgweld
ræzdan	ræðsdan	ræðsdan
riįnn	riįgn	riįgn
scsįriand	scsįrr, scsįria	scsįrr, scsįria
scsulan	mosan	mosan
sgadu	sgadwa	sgadwa
sinþ, vhįlla	dsįþþa	dsįþþa
smal	lįddill	smir
smįddan	smįrran	smįrran
stillan	stellan	stellan
tįggan, gateiggan	dsįggan, gateiggan	dsįggan, gateiggan
unfrįiaþn	lufn	unsluf
uran	urd	ure
urun	anan	anan
vhar	vhærrį	vhærrį
weale	jœððe	jœððe